the end of yesterday's incredibly LONG lesson and the beginning of today's mercifully shorter lesson was on the Prophets of the Old Testament. Some interesting points my professor had about the Old Testament prophets (the ones who were of God, not the false prophets, obviously):
~The word "Prophet" in hebrew is "Navi,' and has two disputed origens. It comes either from the word meaning "to bubble up" like an underwater spring, OR 'To cry aloud, to call out." Hebrew words come from tangible roots. Example, knowledge comes from the word, "to cut, to slice, sharp object' and soul comes from the word also used for 'throat.'
~Unique features of the prophets of Israel:
* Unlike all the other nations in antiquity, Israelite prophets were not humanly appointed and they never became prophets through inheritance. They were only divinly appointed by God.
*Only in Israel was prophesy NOT associated with magic or sorcery.
* Only in Israel did the message of the prophets have a moral componant. in Israel, prophets were required by the Lord to live up to the high moral standards that they proclaimed.
* In Israel, there was an institution known as "The Sons of the Prophets." this is first encountered during the time of Samuel. It was a residential campus where young men were trained and supervised by established prophets. Most detail about this group is found in the accounts of Elijah and Elisha, who in their turn were each the head of this institution. (see 2 Kings 6)
~Characteristic concepts of prophetic religion in Israel:
*The Prophetic office was a sacred trust. That calling required the prophet to live AND work AND speak in ways that the Lord commanded. A prophet was perpetually "on call" by the Lord. No one was subsidising the prophets, and this was a time when the number one cause of death was starvation. Those who didn't work usually did not eat unless cared for by someone else. However, the prophets had to be willing and able to drop everything when they recieved an assignment from God.
*Fundamental feature of prophetic emphasis in Israel was that all of life comes under the authority of God, and thus under the authority of God's CALLED prophets. The kings and people of Israel understood and recognized that when the prophet spoke, GOD spoke. The prophet was a conduct of god's word. Even the KING was subordinate. This was very unusual during a time when most cultures considered their kings, rulers, emperors, pharohs, etc. as the local deity.
*Prophetic religion in Israel explained the meaning of historical events. Most kingdoms during that time period recorded chronological events, but not HISTORY as defined by cause-and-effect. The writing of history is a gift from ancient Egypt and Israel. The prophets' goal by recording HISTORY (cause and effect) was not merely to keep a record of the past but to TEACH the people WHY things occured. Such as when Israel ignored their responsibilities to the Lord, calamaty insued. When they fulfilled their responsibility, they prospered immensly.
*The prophets INSIsted that God's demands are always moral. not only did the prophets TELL of God's demands, but they LIVED UP TO THEM. But also: they revealed that God Himself is moral, and it is the morality of God, it is that character and conduct which makes up His Holiness. This is captured in Leviticus: I the lord am Holy, therefore you too must be Holy)
Every deity outside of Israel was immoral. The deity existed for it's own satisfaction and pleasure. It was capricious, selfish, arbitrary, and did not recognize the restrictions it itself demanded or inflicted on it's worshipers.
But in Israel, the recognition of the necessity of morality was immenent, and they were called to follow God's example.
Not only was Israel unique, but the God of Israel is unique. No other deity is similar.
*The Israelites defined rightness and morality by asking the question, "What does God say?" however, in other cultures and religions of the day, the pagans demanded immorality: human sacrifice, fornication, etc.
*The prophets insisted that the nation be courageous enough to criticize itself and hold itself accountable.
*The prophets were concerned with leading the people into greater knowledge of God and a more intimate relationship with Him.
*All sin is rebellion against God. The concept of crime is a concept of Mosaic law. Crimes against property are not considered as grevious as crimes against persons today. "I can do what i want as long as i don't hurt anybody else" is the attitude. However, ALL SIN is against God, it is an affront to Him. It is NOT the effect on others that is a biblical concept, but the affront and rebellion to GOD.
*The prophets dealt in principles more often then they dealt in 'situational". (Legal codes found in Leviticus and Numbers are good examples of 'situational')In the Law God gave to Israel, there are governments of typical situations. That is not what the prophets did. They were concerned with teaching God's people certain ways to do things, or pirnciples that could be applied to any situation. They were principles given by God to guide our lives and inform our standards.
The prophets were similar in their focus to Jesus' message: Love God, Love others.
*Prophets were practical. They were problem/solution oriented. Unfortunately, that's not something people liked to hear then, and they haven't changed much today either.
Prophets weren't social archetects, they were problem solvers.
*The prophets guided the people from asking "What may I do? What is permissable? what is allowed?" to "What SHOULd i do? what does the LORD require of me?" (Micah 6:6-8)
~Personal character of the prophets:
*They were to be courageous and unafraid to deliver God's message reguardless of the consequences. A prophet understood that people may be mean, cruel etc. but when you are deciding 'who to cross', it's always better to choose making people mad rather than choosing to make God mad.
*They were to be totally honest with one concern only: to tell God's people the Truth (Jeremiah 12-17)
*The prophets were scrupulously moral and demanded that God's people be scrupulously moral, and that they live by high ethical standards.
*They prophets were compassionate, and were always concerned for the poor, the needy, the oppressed, the widow, and the orphan. This may be the biggest element of a prophet as it best illustrates the character of God.
(part of the reason Jesus was so feared by the Jewish authorities was He was so beloved by the Jewish PEASANTS)
*the prophets were from a variety of social classes in Israel. They were from the peasant, royalty, illiterate, highly educated, humble, proud, etc.
*SOME prophets SOMETIMES enjoyed a positive response to their messages, but most did not. Often their message was either ignored or met with extreeme hostility. At times they were jailed or killed. From an appocraphal source, which is verified by the New Testament, we know that after four decades of service, Isaiah was sawn in two by a wood-saw.
*During their monarchy, court prophets gave religious and political advice to their kings. They kept a record of their King's preformance based on his faithfulness to God. The book of Kings is these prophets' evaluation. only occaisionally did a court prophet yeild to tell a King what he wanted to hear vs. what he needed to hear. When that happened, the consequences were always tragic. (1 kings 13)
-after the Jewish civil war, no king in the north was Righteous, and they chose their own prophets. -
Anyway, I am not sure that each bullit point is universally accepted by scholars everywhere, and on some of the universal statements about all prophets in Israel (such as the court prophets) I need to cross-reference with my readings of the Old Testament. But for the most part, they are accurate, and they make ya think. :-)
Two more days of this intensive, Friday I get to move back into my dorm room, Saturday I have a job training session, and Monday classes start for Spring Semester, 2009.
Whew!
~Princess Ouch~