This semester I am taking Urban Missions for one of my classes. One of the books, "City of God, City of Satan: A Biblical Theology of the Urban Church," has given me some interesting food for thought. The following excerpt is from my reading for the week:
"An even more graphic portrayal of this urban biblical theme is expressed in the etymology of the word
Jerusalem. The traditional interpretation given to the name is "city of peace." But biblical scholars such as Millar Burrows have pointed out that the name actually means "foundation of Shalem." The traditional interpretation, "city of peace," is etymologically unfounded.
The first references to Jerusalem in the Bible are found in Genesis 12:18 and Psalm 76:2, where it is called in Hebrew
Shalem (in English, "Salem"). Melchizedek is referred to in Genesis 14:18 as "king of Salem" and "priest of God Most High." In this story Abraham obviously considers Melchizedek a superior because he was the conveyor of God's peace (and thus his attributes are assigned to the city of which he was king). But there is nothing to support that contention in Scripture itself. Both in Genesis 14 and in Psalm 110 he is called simply a priest, and in the former, "king of Salem."
The earliest known names for Jerusalem were Urushalim (the Egyptian Execration Texts, c. 1850 B.C) or Shalem. Apparently the city received the name
Jerusalem only after King David annexed it to Israel and made it his capital (2 Sam. 5:6-12).
Since the root name for Jerusalem is Urushalim or Shalem, we have to ask the question, "Who or what is Shalem?" Shalem was the local god of pre-Israelite Canaan. It was the god symbolized in the planet Venus, the evening star. After the Israelite conquest, Shalem was identified with the Canaanite gods Ashtar and Molech. These gods were in reality the Canaanite manifestations of the "international" deity - Baal.
Does the name JErusalem have anything to do with peace? Obviously, the HEbrew words
shalem and
shalom ("peace") are virtually identical. Is there a relationship? Apparently there is. In the Canaanite language, the god's name
Shalem actually meant "completion." This meaning evolving from the Canaanites' perception of Shalem as Venus, the evening star - which completed the day. Therefore, as time went on and language evolved, the word
shalemcame to be identified with a place - Jerusalem - and with the concept of "completion" or "fulfillment." This became the base for the later Israelite word
shalom or "peace." But one should not then make the mistake of assuming that the name of David's ciy was Jeru
shalom. It was not. It was
Jeru
shalem.
If the city of Urushalim or Shalem means "foundation of Shalem," or the city of Shalem, what, then, does the prefix
Je mean? It is the anglicized version of the Hebre word
Yah and thus an abbreviation for the word
Yahweh! When King David conquered Jerusalem, he added the name of his and Israel's God to the name of a city that previously had been named for the god Shalem. The name Yahweh as not substituted for the name of Shalem; it was added to it!
In the very name
Jerusalem is expressed the tension of every city. It is
Je-rusalem - the city of Yahweh, of God. It is Jeru-
salem - the city of Baal (or Satan). Jerusalem is the city of Yaheh. Jerusalem is the city of Baal. It is a city that contains the pwoer and influence of both forces within its walls. The very name of Israel's primary (and idealized) city expresses the foundational urban message of the Bible. Jerusalem - and every city - is the battleground beteen God and Satan for domination of its people and their structures.